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An evaluation of sports information in Cameroon, challenges and prospects

Certification

This is to certify and attest that sports journalism in Cameroon, challenges and prospects is the original work of Solomon LYONGA IKUNDI (SM07A474).

Date ...........................................

Signature ...................................

Kingsley Lyonga Nganga

Supervisor

Dedication

This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Stella Maris Nalowa Ikundi for everything he has done for me and all it will do. For her, I am very grateful.

RECOGNITION

I want to start by thanking God for His many blessings in my life. Yes indeed, the good Lord has brought me here and made me realize some of my big dreams.

To my supervisor, brother and senior colleague, Kingsley Lyonga Nganga, I say thank you for bearing my weaknesses. Intellectual support and your friend gave me a great inspiration and motivation to continue. You are the best!

My deepest appreciation goes deep to my grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Soppo Ikundi in small, my mother, Stella Ikundi, my aunt in Canada, Ikundi Elizabeth.

Today, I also think a special form of Lydia Limeni Ikundi, Ikundi Luis, José Lyonga Ikundi, Cecilia Eposi Ewunde, Emma Ikundi, Fidel Ikundi, Ikundi Irene, Ikundi SL and all Ikundis. I think my plans that have failed without these people.

I am also indebted to all those who have always made me to hope. I think Mr. Charles Ndi Chia, Mr. Matute Menyoli, Mr. Samuel Bokuba, Mr. Zacharias know, Mr. Kevin Njomo, Lyonga Simon, Mr. Mbua Evelle and all my friends.

Thanks to Richard Ashu Atem-Ojong to test reading my work. You are a true friend.

To all my professors, Dr. Enoh Tanjong, Henry Z. Muluh, Funge and divine Diffang Besong, a million thanks!

May the good Lord reward you all immensely.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification ................................................. .................................................. ...... i

Dedication ................................................. .................................................. ii .........

Recognition ................................................. ............................................... iii

Summary ................................................. .................................................. ............. vi

Table Content ................................................ .................................................. . v

CHAPTER I: Introduction

Background

Sports Journalism History .............................................. . ................................... 6

THE PROBLEM .............................................. .......................................... 9

Hypothesis ................................................. .................................................. ............. 10

Research Questions ................................................ . ............................................... 10

Objectives ................................................. .................................................. .............. 10

Importance ................................................. .................................................. ............ 11

CHAPTER II: Literature Review ........................................... ... .................................. 13

CHAPTER III: Methodology .............................................. ... ....................................... 18

Sampling Plan and Procedures ............................................. . .................................... 19

Instrumentation ................................................. .................................................. ....... 20

Pre-Test ............................................... .................................................. ...................... 20

Data Collection ................................................ . .................................................. ......... 21

Concept Explanation ................................................ .................................................. .21

Limitations ................................................. .................................................. ................. 24

CHAPTER IV: Discussion and inferences ............................................. ..................... 25

Chapter V: Conclusions and generalizations ............................................... ............ 32

Challenges of sports journalism in Cameroon ............................................ ............ 37

Recommendations. ................................................ .................................................. ..... 39

Refereneces

Appendix

Questionnaires ................................................. .................................................. ........... 45

Chapter One:

History Sports Journalism

Mark Inabinett (1994) notes that the decade between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Great Depression was described as a decade of change.

America and the world wanted to put the memory of the Great War behind them and enjoy life. The economy was in boom and Americans fell in love with sports.

The 1920 was described as the age of the audience in new and bigger stadiums and gymnasiums were built and the radio became the most favorite sports news always. The newspapers also increased its coverage of sports and Fans could through the media, to keep up with their favorite teams. Baseball was the most important discipline in America the 20's and it was during this golden age of sports fans began to emerge.

Inabinett (1994) notes that Grantland Rice wrote about athletes who made the golden age. He is celebrated as a pioneer in sports writing with a writing style that employed both hyperbole and lyricism to paint vivid images athletes.

In August 1954, the sports journalism in the United States changed forever with the birth of the Journal of Sports Illustrated. During its first five years of growth, the magazine was addressed to the American middle class consumers and covered only the middle-class consumers and covered almost every history of sports they could cover. Over the years on, the magazine began to specialize in sports like baseball, football and basketball.

SPORTS JOURNALISM HISTORY OF ASIA

Sports journalism in Asia began to gain prominence only after 1985 in Nepal, as Acharya (1998). At that time there were only two sheets a day, and Gorkhapatra The Rising Nepal. In those days it was difficult to speak of a separate page for sports in the newspaper and even saw coverage was very low (Shakya, 1999)

The history of sports journalism began with the Sporting Times a sports magazine published in 1956 and edited by Manindra RajShrestha. It was a fortnight English (Shakya.1999). The magazine ceased publication after a problem few. Since then, a number of sports magazines have been published, but none of them lasted long, for example, Rangasala and another journal published by the National Sports Council Nepal asked Kheledi Khel Ra in 1968.

SPORTS JOURNALISM HISTORY IN CAMEROON

Essentially, sports journalists for the first time in Cameroon was on the airwaves of Radio Broadcasting in Cameroon (Cameroon Radio) in late 1960. But Peter Essoka and his French counterpart Abel Mbengue quickly gained prominence when they were sent to Sudan to meet the 1970 edition of the African Cup of Nations.

According Njomo Kevin, who covered the World 1994 for the CRTV radio, Nebo late Marcos was one of the first to introduce sports programs on national radio in the 1960's. Denis Lafon was also running sports Radio Buea at about the same time.

For the media, the pioneers were Mark English sports information Nebo, Essoka Peter Nkuo Zacharias Ben Jovens Becka, Kevin Njomo, Nzeh Miguel Alem Gregorio, Pedro Afuh in Bamenda (RIP), Ngwa Joves, Herbert Mboh, Fon Echekiye Ignacio. Njomo tells that in the French table, names as André Ngangué, Mbengue Abel, Walter David Lea, Ernest Mbende, Daniel Anicet Noah Joseph Eloundou Nzieh, Alame Samuel, Jean Lambert Nang proved colorful scribes.

According to Professor Assala Boyoma of the School of Social Communication, the first newspaper in all of sports in Cameroon published Sportif Courrier du Benin from 1955 to 1974.

Historically, women have not been very involved in sports stories. According Njomo, the first female sports reporter in the country was Pamela Messi television in 1988, while the much-loved sports Judith Ngala made on the radio. Others like the late Ufenyi Nkuo Christiana gave a proper account of them. In 2004, a journalist, Magdalena Soppi Kotto was elevated to chief of the Bureau of Sports of the national broadcaster Radio Television of Cameroon.

HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SPORTS JOURNALISM

Robyn Gordon (2010) notes that the last ten years have seen a growth in the number of women in sports broadcasting, and broadcasters Lesley Vissey known as Robin Roberts and Andrea Kremer.

While male sports wheels still outnumber women broadcasters in Cameroon, women are playing more and more involved in sport and even gives feedback even play. Tina Kwo CRTV to cover the 2009 edition of the Mount Cameroon Race of Hope and the head of the sports radio, Magdalena has been Kotto covering the African Nations Cup since 2004 and gave play by play comments on radio and television during the 2010 African Nations Cup in Angola.

Today, even women constitute a growing share of the sports audience.

Jane Chastain, Donna De Varona and are considered Jeannie Morris the pioneers in the dissemination of women's sports. Chastain became the first woman to work as commentator for a major news network (CBS), according Robyn Gordon (2010)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Sports journalism record highs in our country with the excellent performance of some local sports reporters have experienced some lows recently, with very few Cameroonians rely on television national and local radio and newspaper sports news.

Many times, local media have accused him of not being up to date with the thirst for sports fans.

The public seems to prefer the following sports in foreign media, sports information is still ignored by some media companies in the country, a country with no specialized sports media outlets. As a result of advances in communication technologies, many channels and stations available, are almost all given a number of sports. The public can now freely choose and use the media to your satisfaction. Many of the programs interesting sports on local television as Sports Vision and once highly loved sports landscape are being rejected by others in Supersport as football Africa. Today, the foreign media and foreign sports channels have become so powerful, so much so that set the agenda of sports in Cameroon.

This research will examine the following hypothesis:

Cameroonian sports fans have not derived great satisfaction of the local media and looks like it is becoming another part of their sports.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

ü How much all sports, foreign TV channels to limit the audience for local TV sports

ü Can the reporting of sports influence our choices and attitudes?

ü What Cameroonians are based in sports between the media local and foreign media?

ü What Cameroonians are based on the national sports media between government ownership and private local media?

ü What are the Cameroonian media prefer sports among TV, radio, newspaper, Internet and others?

ü If female athletes treated differently and presented by the media?

ü What is more completed between male and female sport?

ü What is the place of sports in the media compared to other genres program?

ü What sports are given more attention in local media?

ü Is the marriage of the media in sports has contributed to the development of sports?

OBJECTIVES

This study is a practical guide how to become a good sports journalist. Our objectives are therefore:

To identify and locate the most comprehensive sports journalism within the more wide area of the media in Cameroon.

• Ø It will also provide a historical overview reported some of issues, personality debates and challenges that have influenced the growth of sports information in this country.
• Ø The study also seeks to establish the role played by the media in making some popular sports and world class.

• Likewise Ø examine the extent to which sports journalism in the developing world limits the advancement of local sports information.

• Ø At the end of all, this study will reveal the sport which is most loved by the sporting public.

IMPORTANCE:

v Apart from understanding the essence of academic work, it is important to anticipate the logical outcome of this study sports journalism in Cameroon.

v This study first and foremost help me implement the theoretical concepts and data gained in the class as John Maxwell says, " not only make perfect practice makes permanent. "

v also will reveal the level of exposure of Cameroonian and foreign media updating local sports.

v The diagnostic study of reasons why Cameroonians escapism practice, ignoring the media local media and local sports media and athletes foreigners foreigners.

v This study goes through a strong message to magnates of the media in our country and even the government consider the possibility of initiating specialized sports channels and also to change the mentality media employers to start using wheeled sports.

v In particular, this study will reveal the place of women sports journalists in the media communication and also to examine the coverage and attention to women's sports championships.

v Above all, the study was the platform and the pace of further studies on the sports news in Cameroon and elsewhere.

Chapter Two

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sports has become increasingly important in today's world. In Cameroon, the sport is seen as a culture, a religion and way of life. According to sports as a reporter, Zachary know, when the Indomitable Lions success, alcohol is often a virtue.

The power and the audacity of sports is unquestionable and, over the years, the United Nations Food and Agriculture has been using sports to spread the message of peace in regions war-torn Haiti, Darfur, Ethiopia. Many communication scholars have argued that the merger of sports and the media has contributed much to crystallize the most important competitions in the world, making an important sports story in the print media and electronic.

Acharya (1998) believes that sports journalism is the process of collecting, editing and disseminating news about the sports activities. Shakya (1999) further notes that due to its vital role in disseminating news about sporting events, the media is involved in the development sport.

David Gallagher (1991) notes that the 1970 was a low point in journalism in Cameroon. He reveals that more than thirty articles and disappeared in quick succession and all or most of them supported the Ahidjo regime because they had no choice since the censorship imposed Ahidjo in them. Gallagher points out that most of these papers were weighed in sports reporting and largely avoided the policy of staying out of trouble.

Laurent Charles Boyoma Assala (1998) reveals that the first newspaper in all of sports, was Courrier du Benin Spotif, first published in 1955. It folded in 1974 with his fall costly failure caused by the Cameroon National Team in the 1972 Nations Cup in the country. (Boyoma)

"When President Biya came to power, documents emerged as sport, football's elite Jean Pierre Betfiang, Sports Bounougou Overview Fouda, Joseph Jacques Afrique Akana of Health and Sport Progress released by Joseph Eloundou Nzie. "

Boyoma (ibid) states that most newspapers news sports football highlights a highlighted. In football's elite, 153 of 160 pages were devoted to football. Television CRTV has a one-hour program full of football (FoU FoU PIE).

Boyoma Assala (1998) notes once again that sports journalists in Cameroon have to be careful and to report, because the eyes of the world is theirs. Explained in his paper that the fans do not like sports journalists who give incorrect information, which is missing in the choice of words and not even know the rules of game. He cited the example of Casimiro Amassana which was destroyed by the fans for giving wrong Tonnere.

Mutations newspaper, its 27 janvier 2009 edition published reactions Learn about the life of Zechariah. Most of those who responded suggested that I know is one of the most beloved of all Zachary sportswriters is known for his immense contribution in shaping the history of sports in Cameroon. Some participants pointed out that I know painted the picture of his mind games and almost made players like Nkono, Abega, Mbida ... Milla mystique. He received the 2008 award for being a professional CAMASEJ tirelessly and contribute to the growth of sports journalism in Cameroon.

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) notes that many in the audience tolerate the news only because know that if you stay vigilant they will get the latest football, cricket, rugby or results.

Local teams and clubs often subject great attention to regional news, especially if they are doing right or wrong in their leagues, and this is reflected nationally, where news usually focuses on promotion and relegation battles struggles that mark the fate of the contenders change top and bottom.

When writing about sports, Jerry Azar (1999) pontificates that sports games settings are often a war zone, a minefield of bruised ego that have been rejected, discouraged and in some cases of expulsion. Random sports journalists warned to avoid the questions wrong after a bitter defeat, because it can provide the fireworks.

Boyle (2005) argues that sports have become increasingly global in the contemporary era mediated. For him, the fusion of sports and media has helped to develop and transform major sporting competitions such as FIFAWorld Cup and the Olympics.

The organizers of major sporting events have always stressed the need for sports journalists to follow ethics. During a seminar on ethics in sports reporting concluded in Beijing on November 30, 2007, the International Olympic Committee stressed the importance of increased awareness of ethical issues in sport. Organized in close collaboration with UNESCO and Communication University of China, the 40 journalists who participated reporting skills acquired and drilled in the culture of China so they can develop cultural strategies cross.

In an open letter to Michael Bascombe (2010), editor of the news today in Granada, the poor condition of sports information in Granada, Beverly Sinclair asks experienced sports journalists to improve the quality of sports information in Granada imparting their knowledge to the sports cub reporters through seminars and workshops, and not just sit and complain about the level of sports information in your country is depreciating. Sinclair notes that the formation of sports journalists is very poor, but the old names can best sports information, as they are role models.

Robert Gordon (2010) notes reporters of women's sports are becoming highly professional. Lesley Visser cites the analyst of NFL first woman on television, which was voted pitcher's number one female sport in the United States by the wheels of American sports associations, who notes that although women still sports journalism is considered young and novel sports fans and many commentators, women's sports wheels are determined and will continue to convince the world that gender should not affects how a person reporting a story regardless of its content and be well informed.

Silwal, in Acharya (1998) notes that there has been a publication Frequent sports magazines, but all of them cease publication after a few issues. For him, the main reason for the closure of these publications (In Nepal) is the result of financial instability. He believes that the lack of financial resources for publication, the lack of publicity and little market impact the closure of the sports magazines.

Juliana Koranteng, (1998) reveals that football clubs have begun pumping money into their quota and new media. Koranteng suggests the increasing global appeal of the local clubs like Manchester United, Barcelona, Arsenal and Juventus, has encouraged such clubs to consider launching their own TV channels and radio stations. Also develop web sites to inform their public about the new team, the transfer of players, Arsenal TV etc. For example, and www.chelsea.com According Koranteng, football tops the coverage in most sports channels.

Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner (2010) have been investigating gender stereotypes in sports television. Both believe that women are also gives "little importance" in the media. Although the study and observation of sports coverage on three network affiliates in Los Angeles, to report only 9% of airtime devoted to coverage of women's sports coverage in contrast with 88% devoted to male athletes. Margaret Duncan states that about 97% of the commentators use different language when talking about female athletes.

"When men are described as big, strong, bright, brave and aggressive, women are more often referred to as a tired, tired, frustrated, panicked, vulnerable and suffocation. "

For experts, this trend reduces female athletes the role of children, while the condition of adult male athletes.

Corroborating Duncan and Messner, the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women, Sports and Physical Activity said in its 2007 report that female athletes receive only three percent of sports coverage in major newspapers in Canada.

In an article in Africa, online media, (2010) World stories beyond Cup sports reporting in mind that journalists covering the World Cup should be able to dig deeper to provide stories that go beyond mere sport. These communications scholars, 126 were African sports journalists in South Africa commissioned African storytelling more fully and unique perspective. Sport closely with African media outlets journalists are expected to present South Africa in a favorable light, while capitalizing on the economic impact of the World Cup.

Geoff Pearson et al (2007), the coverage of the means of violence in football. He argues that the tabloid style of reporting, such as the publication of league tables hooligan notoriety (Daily Mirror, 1974) serve to encourage hooligans placing them in the spotlight. Pearson said that in Britain the tabloid in particular, have found an easy target vandalism for the kind of sensationalist reporting that increases circulation. The tabloid style information often news is based on powerful image-based violence and war metaphors

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Communication Many researchers share the view that the study design leads to real solution. Churchill (1977) notes that research design is the framework or a plan for a study that is used to collect and analyze a data set.

This study on the information Sport in Cameroon, challenges and prospects to use descriptive research designs. More study will use descriptive design (cut design transversal), which is more specifically, the field study. The survey method is most appropriate for this study because of its effectiveness in obtaining quantitative data and measuring the different currents of opinion and relatively inexpensive nature. The study measured various aspects of Cameroonian perception "of information sport in their country.

Sampling Plan and Procedures

In assessing the perception of the audience of sports journalism in Cameroon This study will use the method of random probability sampling each member within the sampling unit that is as likely to be sampled.

The sampling unit or the frame is the Buea, Limbe and Mutengene communities, with an estimated population of at least seven thousand people. Of this figure, the opinions of 100 fans Sport must be analyzed. Of this population, 100 were chosen to be studied by purely academic.

As men and women relationship with 59.2% of respondents were male and 40.8% women.

Finally, respondents expected that at least 15 years of age because this age group is widely exposed to sports in the media and may be able to justify their choices and preferences.

INSTRUMENTATION

The main instrument used in this study is a questionnaire to collect data. Besides the method of interrogation in the use of questionnaires and other materials relevant data will be acquired through abstraction (getting materials from other documents), observation (anecdotal as sports journalists.)

The interview schedule or questionnaire was divided into two sections, the media used for sports, and Demography. A total of 15 questions were written, with two closed-ended questions to limit unnecessary responses and open questions, to allow multiple points of view. Double barrel and quota issues largely avoided. The questions focused on three of the four scales of measurement, such as the nominal, ordinal and interval, which are relevant to the study.

Pre-Test

The pre-test that had a pilot sample size of 10 respondents was conducted on May 16, 2010 in Buea. The objective pre-test questionnaire is to maximize the validity and reliability of data collection instrument:

Correction of errors in the questionnaire, for example, poor development of the questions.

Pre-testing also helps determine whether the study's focus is fine.

During exercise, areas of misunderstanding or confusion were easily corrected. Nebula questions were clear and the views of respondents were considered to be some questions and added one.

Data Collection

I started making the observation in my study on Tuesday, April 14, 2010 interviewing some pioneering sports journalists in the country as Njomo K. Kevin and Zachary know.

Meanwhile, I started the process of administering questionnaires to 28 May 2010 and this was to last two weeks. The 100 questionnaires were administered accordingly: Buea (67), Limbe (17), and Mutengene (16).

The response rate was 98%. This high response rate is the result of the fact that the time to manage 100 opinionnaires was broad and long term. In addition, the subject under study and sports sports information of interest to people many men and women, young and old.

Data entry was carried out with the help of software, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS.

Concept Explanation

Agenda Setting: the power and audacity of the media to influence what people think and talk. The media does what it concerns the issue of crystallization and of great influence and raises issues that have priority in public debate. This theory was first suggested in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw.

Escapism: The tendency for the audience to avoid and reject the content of the local media for the content of the foreign media.

Home News Abroad: News about local personalities abroad and also involves tit bits on local players and athletes in Europe and elsewhere abroad.

FIFA: The International Association of Football Federations

NFL: National Football League in America most popular sports league in the United States.

UEFA: Union of European Football Leagues

Interview Hours: questionnaires with questions that are administered by communication researchers to comply with the respondents in a ratio of one to one.

Media Imperialism: The domain of a country's media for media in another country.

Use Sports Media: The level of exposure to sports-related media for updating sports.

SPORT Presentation of reports: The casting itself as a sport, sports stories, sports and journalism simply means that the process of collection, public file and news on sporting events that are of interest.

Sampling unit: The unit of sampling involves people to the survey and place of origin.

Sampling Size: The sample size is the number of people that will be investigated.

Sampling Procedure: This responds to the questions of how will they be selected and how You can do the survey.

All sports, in the middle: O is a newspaper, magazine, radio or television who specializes in coverage sports.

Football hooliganism: According to Ingham, R. et al., (1978), the term football hooliganism was created by the media, the tabloids, in particular, in the mid 1960's and since then have been very flexible and indeterminate in attributing the "hooligan" label for different incidents. Football hooliganism is seen by most in the sense of violence and / or disorder involving fans football.

Study Limitations

• Ø There are obstacles and gaps almost everywhere in life. This study has its own limitations:
• Ø It is difficult to generalize the findings to the whole of Cameroon by the size of the relatively small sample. Financial constraints could not allow a larger study to be carried out in all regions of the country.
• Ø Given the sample size and unity were not large to reflect the Cameroon, the results are not very reliable there.
• Ø Communication research is still new in our country and there is little documented evidence on the evolution of sports reporting in Cameroon. Moreover, very few people have written about the situation of sports information activities in Cameroon. This made it extremely difficult to compile the literature of sports reporting.
• Ø It is also impossible to assess the peripheral most important areas of Buea and Limbe due to transport problems, the high rate of illiteracy in most of these peoples and the lack of cable that provides access to a long list of sports-related foreign channels.
• Ø Some respondents were hostile things and made it very difficult for me. Some respondents were afraid to reveal some vital information especially on demographics. They went as far to ask for references in case something happens to them.

Chapter Four

Discussion and inferences

In this descriptive study, we use both univariate and bivariate data analysis methods. Respondents should be sports fans to be be valid judgments about the media coverage of sports in Cameroon.

As our empirical findings, the Most Cameroonians are based on the TV Sports (57.1%), the radio is second with 21.4%, new media, which is the Internet is becoming the brand among sports fans sports news Cameroonian providing some 14.3% of Cameroonians and newspapers are the last, since only 7.1% depend on it for sports. All newspapers are "very few sports in Cameroon and most of the information in the sports pages of newspapers almost always copied directly from the Internet. For example, some of the sports in the Post, Monday, July 27, 2009 edition came from the BBC Sport website from the league for example, Nigeria, the third in Africa and FIFA. Sometimes these local newspapers ignored sports like online edition Friday, October 23, 2009 that was void of sports.

Only 3.1% of respondents said they knew at least one existing sports All-press, while 96.9% never read or seen Exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon. Readers there is a problem in Cameroon. Very few people buy newspapers and very few can read, especially in the suburbs. To complicate things, most of the existing sports newspapers are in French as Ndamba, published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick

TV tells the story of the sport longer, but as you can see, the Cameroonians prefer foreign television much more than local television sports. While 13.3% goes to local television, the majority, 86.7 preferred foreign television at all times.

Some of the reasons why Cameroonians prefer foreign television but includes local television, foreign television god `s pictures, live matches from the Champions League and major European Championships, and qualified sports analyst for news from home and abroad. (News of the Cameroon players in European leagues).

The beautiful game, football figures prominently in the production of media. Events like the World Cup, European Nations Cup, African Cup of Nations Confederations Cup and Champions League UEFA receives media attention. Some 74.5% of Cameroonians to see, read or hear more often in football media. lawn tennis, wrestling and athletics are 8.2%, 7.2 and 7.1, respectively, of coverage.

From this study, we learned that the foreign media does not give a wide coverage of sports in Cameroon They virtually ignore the elite championship and even popular Mount Cameroon race, hope to talk about corruption in the government of Cameroon, President Biya `s luxury trips abroad and like K. Nicholls Boas (2003) opinion, the West never going to say anything good about Africa, including Cameroon. Always say things abhorrent and highlight conflicts, etc dictatorship despite Africa has some good news

Most Cameroonians prefer local to foreign radio for sports radio. Get most part of the news from home on local radio and listen to the radio for the latest gossip, transfers and match reviews and previews of both local and international leagues.

While foreign media ignored the sports conducted in our country, the sports coverage of foreign media Local is very high. The local radio stations to devote much time to talk about the first division, the Spanish La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga, French League Orange I and other related sports stories from abroad. The reason for this dilemma is the lack of adequate sporting events in our country. Apart from soccer, other sports disciplines in the country are yet to prove themselves and do things, while providing the local media information enabling it to scale their full potential.

In our country, the media gives pride of place to men's sports and very little is said about women's national championship, including news about the Indomitable Lions in the local media is rare. This is somewhat in line with government policy that facilitates the development of women's sport disciplines.

More men prefer foreign TV channels, 54.9%, while 31.1% of the female sheep are for foreign television. As for local TV, 8% of women rely on men as 4%.

For the program gender in the illustration above, most men prefer sports, news, politics, while a large number of women as music and other which includes movies, soap operas, talk shows, etc.

A high majority of young people between the ages of 15 and 25 (63%) have their sports TV foreign, 12% of those between 37 and 47 are based on foreign television, as well as for sports, 8% of those between 26 and 36 channels of sports to get in abroad while among the 48, only 3% prefer the foreign media to play sports.

For local television, 3% of those between 37 and 47 years rely on local media for sports, 30% of the 48 previous years and also prefer the media local sport.

Those between 15 and 25 form the vast majority of sports fans and are very exposed to the media for the gratification as the sport not only, but also music, news, movies, soap operas, political, etc.

Chapter Five

Conclusion and generalizations

In this section, we interpret the data obtained in the search field and broader significance of our findings.

From our results, it appears that most sports fans, 57.1% rely heavily on television compared to 21.4%, 14.3% and 7.1% for radio, Internet and media. From this finding, we infer that television has larger history of sports in Cameroon because of its visual appeal. And like George Gerbner (1956) puts it, television has become part of family, which is what tells most of history most of the time.

The study confirms the results of a number of communication scholars as Juliana Koranteng (1998) of all sports disciplines like football, lawn tennis, athletics, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, wrestling, rugby, cricket, etc, that is football is seen, read or heard most often in most media, while coverage of disciplines Sports more neglected. However, from the head of state, President Paul Biya has repeatedly reiterated that no minor or major sports, the media State has improved its coverage of the annual race of hope Mount Cameroon Cameroon and the International Cycling Tour.

This pilot study on the information Sport is also there Afghanistanism (Tanjong 2006) in the practice of sports information. Local journalists sometimes deliberately or unconsciously ignore the local realities of sport and sports highlights in remote areas. While 25.5% of respondents think the media coverage is local foreign athletes high, 37.8% of respondents feel thesame question is still very high.

There is a dilemma when we discovered that the opposite is true. Foreign media communication as Supersports, Eurosport, BBC Infosports and even virtually ignored Cameroon sports. For the BBC and other media that offer somewhere in sports programming, that very focus on negative aspects of Cameroon. They love to talk of corruption, violence, and the February 2008 strike. Foreign channels like 43.9% of sports fans believe that very little coverage and sports surface Cameroon.

In addition, most escapism of Cameroonians practice and go to foreign television rather than local. For them, foreign television is always at the heart of the great events production of live footage of the matches get better analysis and news on the Cameroon players in European leagues first category.

While local television seems to be disadvantaged by the experts of the sport of Cameroon, local radio is still in great esteem in 59.2% of Cameroonians is preferred, 40.2 per prefers to get sports on foreign radio, RFI, Africa N ° 1 of the BBC Afrique and the World Bank, etc.

The strong presence of foreign chains in our media landscape has led to a kind of domination. As Tanjong (citate opera) and others have hypotheses, media imperialism is the domination of media society by the media of another country. This is true when it comes to sports coverage on television. CRTV can not be able to compete with the specialized sports channels such as Supersports, Eurosport etc Cameroonians need for an all sports channel television to balance the pendulum.

An important revelation of this study is the fact that sports and women athletes are covered low compared to men's sports. In Local media in Cameroon, there is much talk of MTN Elite Women's Championship, while the National Women's League is always treated as information. Sports fans (92.9%) think the media is biased in reporting of women's sports, while 7.1% have sustained that the media give fair coverage to all sexes. Scholars such as Lou Schwartz, Pirkko Markula, professor of socio-cultural studies of sport and recreation at the University of Alberta Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner have been researching about the coverage of women in sport are not adequate media coverage. Other journalists have felt that very few women opportunities to get a sports report.

Sport is used by most of the media now to draw the attention of the listeners. Compared with politics, news, movies, music, other, gender is sports he loved most (31.6%). 21.4% prefer news and music are on 16.3, 11.2% love politics and 19.4% are for others.

However, those going to the media hoping for satisfaction as Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz (1974) have explained. The public is actively seeking ways Cameroon communications for sports, news, music, politics, movies on others for their uses and gratifications.

CONCLUSION:

The main sports coverage has been improved by advances in communication technologies. Now it's easy to broadcast live football matches and the quality of sports information has improved as journalists are not just waiting to be born to sports journalists, but also to go to school to acquire skills for sports reporting.

Cameroon has a long way to go, especially with the absence of a sport All media and women journalists are fighting for their rights to participate in sports reporting.

In the end, what seems to be true is the fact that women's sport is low even covered by local media, meanwhile other sports receive superficial coverage in local media and most of Cameroonians seem to prefer foreign TV channels of sports because of the satisfaction they get from watching the commentators of inspiration and above all Sports fans admire the loyalty of these sports channels in the provision of all necessary sports news.

Above all this study suggests that foreign television sets the agenda in our country. Sports fans in our country are based on foreign television (most of sports fans prefer HDTV for sports). The program established by the foreign media this is not in the elite MTN I championship, it is more in the various leagues major European leagues like Spanish, English, French, etc.

Sports Journalism Challenges

In Cameroon, sports journalism and writing is now seen as a key element of the broader mark Most newspapers, since their resource position in an effort to attract new readers. But there are still many challenges well known for sports journalists own.

CRTV Buea as a sports journalist, Samuel Moto Bokuba, only one regular and exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon at the time, Ndamba, which is a French language weekly published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick. Another newspaper in all of sports "You mean the sport is, this is football, not very regular, and is edited by Franklin Sone Mbaye.

Mr. Bokuba, which is also the Deputy Station Manager, CRTV Buea other notes such as the Global Legal Ndonkeng Emile, Stades that was an escape of Global Foot, Sports Post published in Yaounde on July WAME, George Fontaine 's Magazine Sports Association which saw the launch of the only two issues and Cameroon Football Elite (published in the 80 `s by Jean Pierre Betfiang) emerged and disappeared after a few publications.

Local sports journalist of the newspaper Innocent Mbunwe The Post believes that the lack of financial resources has been the biggest problem deportivo Cameroonian journalist. For him, lack of money prevents reporters from even considering a wide coverage of regional football tournament is looking more and more difficult to send reporters to areas Ekondo far as Titi, Mundemba, etc Mamfe

CRTV Menyoli `s Matute said the biggest threat to sports information is a series of brown envelopes scandalous by some sports journalists continue to sing the song of the presidents team and sometimes football administrators. Many, according the practice of journalism Matute Menyoli hilton `` `` going to fill their stomachs on the name of the event coverage.

The veteran journalist, Njomo Kevin, once with the sports journalist Cameroon Radio and Television Radio Calabar also strongly believes that the sports news in Cameroon is undergoing a standard the fall. For Mr. Njomo, the present day sports journalists in Cameroon are different from the past, because they are much more interested in money, `` `` pick okra and overlook the fact that they can really only do it if they put their love for their profession, rather than money.

Kevin says Njomo The sports journalists in the past in this country had a responsibility to take viewers playgrounds and pontificates it was because of intimate information the "excellent sports media" in the past, provided that the parties pitted against Canon and Tonnerre Yaounde local derbies between Buea and Kumba prison people with disabilities in the 1960 and 1970 produced fireworks.

Despite the problems, Njomo believes that Cameroon has seen some high points in sports journalism and for him, Zechariah Essoka know and Pedro are two mentors who have left an indelible mark on the discipline.

sports journalist Simon Lyonga believes that sports journalism is experiencing the decline of luck because this is not a course on their own institutions in most of Journalism Cameroon, for example, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Buea.

In addition, Simon Lyonga of National Radio lampoons some sportswriters who drink heavily. He believes that makes beer tasting irresponsible journalists as they appear negatively in the eyes of the public.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

With the main conclusions of this study as a backup and point of reference, the following recommendations should be apply for sports reporting back on the rails.

The government runs the national radio and regional television and other stations should easily provide financing for the purchase of broadcasting equipment, portable lightweight outer CRTV will give an elaborate coverage of events. CRTV has a lot of money (which receive government handouts, canon, advertising), and must invest heavily in machinery and manpower to provide coverage of sports.

Individuals and companies or the government should consider creating specialized outlets of the sports media. To Samuel Bokuba, This is largely useful, despite the attempts to create a specialized radio television, or newspaper are mostly drowned out by the lack of resources, lack of advertisers, readers with low and limited number of sporting competitions in the country.

For sports information in the development, Njomo Kevin believes that sport cub reporters have to be passionate about sports reporting itself. He feels that the love of the profession can be done very efficiently. For him, most of which are in the sports information now, because they want money from club presidents and this is what is While destroying the corners of the discipline.

For sports information to flourish, those who practice in our country should avoid doing bad things like drinking. Rather you should spend time in-profit research on teams and players because they can not afford to have limited knowledge.

In an attempt to limit professional incompetence, journalists who want to report sport should go to school. professional courses in sports journalism are beginning to enter the curriculum of some schools of journalism as ASMAC. The training should be extended even after school with the constant participation in workshops for journalists sports, etc. If possible, sports journalists must be specified in specific disciplines to have control so that your style and ability of information will greatly appreciated.

It is not enough for women journalists to sit and complain that they have little or no place in sports reporting. What they need to do above all, to prove their worth. Magdalena Soppi Kotto is doing quite well in CRTV houses and other media should instead engage reporters on his payroll.

Moreover, although football is football, other sports should also be covered. Media coverage of boxing, parties handball, athletics, etc can help to popularize these hitherto neglected sports.

Moreover, media companies should avoid presenting gender of the athletes. Female athletes who stand to be treated as conquerors. The media, for example, presents the Indomitable Lions, as superior beings Lionesses and not given the same treatment and care.

Most advertisers know that during the sports competitions as important as the World Cup and the Cup African nations, who can sponsor and sponsor sports programs since most of them have high audience and the audience in that period.

As Njomo Kevin says, sports journalists have an important role, for our sport grow and have the propensity to carry supporters of sports facilities.

References

BOOKS:

Acharya (1998), Sports news in Nepal: a survey of sites sports newspapers, post-graduate thesis

Ingham, R. et al., (1978) Violence in soccer: the wider context London: Inter-Action Inprint

Stott, C and Pearson, G. (2007) "Football Hooliganism: Policing and War in English Disease, London: Pennant Books

Andrew Baker, (2004), where I am and who is winning, Yellow Jersey Press, ISBN-13: 978-0224072731, 256 pages

Boyle, Raymond and Haynes, Richard (2004) Football in the new media age, Routledge, first edition, ISBN-10: 0415317908

Inabinett, Mark: Grantland Rice and his Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920's. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994

Pirkko Markula (July 2009), Women and Media Olympics, international perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan,, ISBN10: 0-230-22284-6, 272 pages

Tanjong, E. (2006), Africa in International Communication, Limbe, Design House

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25), diffusion Journalism, Radio and Television Techniques News, 5 th edition

Articles

David Gallagher (Spring 1991), Public and private press in Cameroon, changing roles in the new pluralism

Assala, Boyoma, (1998), Sports Journalism, specializing Journalism (translated from French) Paper presented at a seminar with sports journalists in Yaounde, unpublished document

Jerry Azar, 1999, Business of Sports Information

Beverley Sinclair, 2010, Open letter to Michael Bascombe, the poor state of sports information in Granada

Juliana Koranteng 1998 European sports TV channels: Opportunities in the Digital Age

George Gerbner (1956) Gerbner, G., and Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication

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